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Table 7 Results of the repeated measures ANOVA for GHQ28 (UK and Nordic countries)

From: Seasonality in mood and behaviours of Japanese residents in high-latitude regions: transnational cross-sectional study

Main effect Interaction effect
  n Mean SD F p-value   Mean SD F p-value
UK (n = 105) Gender Male 23 20.33 2.07 2.48 n.s. Male Winter 22.04 2.55 .27 n.s.
Female 82 24.01 1.09 Summer 18.61 2.21
Season Winter 105 24.24 1.44 9.40 ** Female Winter 26.43 1.35
Summer 20.10 1.25   Summer 21.59 1.17
Age 39 years and under 40 24.94 1.57 1.98 n.s. 39 years and under Winter 28.15 1.93 1.79 n.s.
40 years and above 65 22.13 1.23 Summer 21.73 1.68
Season Winter 105 25.98 1.22 18.42 ** 40 years and above Winter 23.82 1.51
Summer   21.09 1.07    Summer 20.45 1.32
Occupation Full time 41 22.24 1.56 .62 n.s. Full time Winter 25.72 1.55 .65 n.s.
Other 64 23.81 1.25 Summer 21.91 1.33
Season Winter 105 25.4 1.24 17.2 ** Other Winter 25.07 1.93
Summer 20.66 1.06 Summer 19.42 1.66
Family status Unmarried 25 25.02 2.00 1.09 n.s. Unmarried Winter 27.92 2.46 .40 n.s.
Married 80 22.63 1.12 Summer 22.12 2.13
Season Winter 105 26.31 1.41 14.40 ** Married Winter 24.7 1.37
Summer 21.34 1.22 Summer 20.56 1.19
Children Yes 64 22.9 1.25 .15 n.s. Yes Winter 24.86 1.54 .47 n.s.
No 41 23.67 1.57 Summer 20.94 1.33
Season Winter 105 25.64 1.23 16.94 ** No Winter 26.42 1.93
Summer 20.93 1.07 Summer 20.93 1.67
Duration of stay 90 months and under 68 24.46 1.20 3.16 † 90 months and under Winter 27.56 1.46 4.21 *
91 months and above 37 20.88 1.62 Summer 21.37 1.29
Season Winter 105 24.59 1.23 11.21 ** 91 months and above Winter 21.62 1.98
Summer 20.75 1.09 Summer 20.14 1.75
Nordic countries (n = 40) Gender Male 6 23.33 2.77 .00 n.s. Male Winter 24.33 5.11 .30 n.s.
Female 34 23.19 1.87 Summer 22.33 3.44
Season Winter 40 25.03 2.77 1.56 n.s. Female Winter 25.74 2.15
Summer 21.49 1.87 Summer 20.65 1.45
Age 39 years and under 24 22.63 1.73 .29 n.s. 39 years and under Winter 24.83 2.55 .02 n.s.
40 years and above 16 24.09 2.12   Summer 20.42 1.72
Season Winter 40 25.7 2.02 5.06 * 40 years and above Winter 26.56 3.12
Summer 21.02 1.36 Summer 21.63 2.11
Occupation Full time 15 21.9 2.18 .58 n.s. Full time Winter 28.28 2.4 2.97 †
Other 25 24.00 1.69 Summer 19.72 1.66
Season Winter 40 24.61 1.95 2.97 † Other Winter 20.93 3.09
Summer   21.29 1.36   Summer 22.87 2.15
Family status Unmarried 10 21.50 2.68 .55 n.s. Unmarried Winter 21.8 3.9 1.35 n.s.
Married 30 23.78 1.54 Summer 21.2 2.67
Season Winter 40 24.28 2.25 2.02 n.s. Married Winter 26.77 2.25
Summer 21 1.54   Summer 20.8 1.54
Children Yes 17 23.17 2.07 .00 n.s. Yes Winter 24.41 3.01 2.83 n.s.
No 23 23.24 1.78 Summer 18.94 2.01
Season Winter 40 25.77 1.98 6.66 * No Winter 24.13 2.59
Summer 20.65 1.32 Summer 22.35 1.73
Duration of stay 90 months and under 26 23.21 1.67 .00 n.s. 90 months and under Winter 25.65 2.46 .03 n.s.
91 months and above 14 23.21 2.28 Summer 20.77 1.66
Season Winter 40 25.47 2.08 .03 n.s. 91 months and above Winter 25.47 1.4   
Summer 20.96 1.4 Summer 20.96
  1. GHQ28 General Health Questionnaire 28
  2. **p < .01, *p < .05, † p < .10
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BioPsychoSocial Medicine

ISSN: 1751-0759

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