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| |
UK (n = 105)
|
Nordic Countries (n = 40)
|
Japan (n = 96)
|
Southeast Asia (n = 51)
|
|---|
|
Mean
|
SD
|
t
|
p
|
Mean
|
SD
|
t
|
p
|
Mean
|
SD
|
t
|
p
|
Mean
|
SD
|
t
|
p
|
|---|
|
GHQ28 Total score
|
Winter
|
25.47
|
12.30
|
4.08
|
**
|
25.53
|
12.36
|
2.30
|
*
|
22.78
|
9.32
|
.00
|
n.s.
|
23.18
|
9.03
|
1.34
|
n.s.
|
|
Summer
|
20.93
|
10.62
|
20.90
|
8.35
|
22.72
|
10.49
|
21.84
|
9.42
|
|
Somatic symptoms (GHQ28)
|
Winter
|
7.45
|
4.16
|
2.57
|
**
|
6.90
|
3.84
|
1.47
|
n.s.
|
6.77
|
3.85
|
.22
|
n.s.
|
7.04
|
3.55
|
.41
|
n.s.
|
|
Summer
|
6.29
|
4.08
|
6.08
|
3.25
|
6.66
|
3.61
|
6.84
|
4.09
|
|
Anxiety/insomnia (GHQ28)
|
Winter
|
8.16
|
4.59
|
3.57
|
**
|
8.33
|
4.47
|
2.47
|
*
|
7.07
|
3.78
|
.41
|
n.s.
|
7.37
|
3.03
|
.11
|
n.s.
|
|
Summer
|
6.63
|
3.99
|
6.60
|
3.20
|
6.9
|
3.77
|
7.33
|
3.60
|
|
Social dysfunction (GHQ28)
|
Winter
|
7.31
|
2.79
|
2.57
|
**
|
7.30
|
2.48
|
2.40
|
*
|
6.76
|
2.15
|
.07
|
n.s.
|
6.43
|
1.80
|
1.13
|
n.s.
|
|
Summer
|
6.48
|
2.70
|
6.03
|
2.28
|
6.73
|
2.52
|
6.12
|
1.93
|
|
Severe depression (GHQ28)
|
Winter
|
2.54
|
4.20
|
2.79
|
**
|
3.00
|
4.24
|
1.25
|
n.s.
|
2.18
|
2.79
|
.73
|
n.s.
|
2.33
|
3.25
|
2.10
|
n.s.
|
|
Summer
|
1.54
|
2.73
|
2.20
|
3.20
|
2.44
|
3.26
|
1.55
|
2.75
|
|
CES-D
|
Winter
|
13.12
|
8.34
|
−3.72
|
**
|
13.55
|
8.84
|
2.30
|
*
|
12.21
|
6.99
|
.80
|
n.s
|
10.90
|
5.58
|
1.45
|
n.s.
|
|
Summer
|
10.66
|
7.17
|
10.78
|
7.55
|
11.66
|
7.76
|
9.80
|
9.42
|
-
GHQ28 General Health Questionnaire 28, CES-D The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
- *p < .05, **p < .01
